SmartFocus® nTMS in Depression

Personalizing TMS therapy for the individual patient

At Nexstim we are using decades of scientific research to help treat depression non-invasively and without drugs. As the world’s leading company combining TMS with 3D imaging, we enable personalized TMS treatment with unsurpassed accuracy and precision.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique where pulses of electromagnetic fields target and interact with specific brain regions. As a non-invasive method, TMS is not associated with the side effects commonly caused by anti-depressants.

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What is SmartFocus® nTMS?

Nexstim NBS 6 with SmartFocus® nTMS technology uses sophisticated navigation tools to visualize the   location, orientation and magnitude of the maximum stimulating electric field (e-field) induced when the TMS coil is activated. SmartFocus® nTMS takes into account the unique shape and conductivity of each patient’s brain and the positioning of the coil and uses this information to determine the location and orientation of the maximum induced e-field in the brain.

In addition, advanced algorithms enable the stimulation dose to be quickly and accurately determined for each patient using their own neurophysiological readings. This all makes Nexstim nTMS a truly personalized and accurate nTMS therapy.

SmartFocus® nTMS treatment offers the patient:

  • A measured and individualized dose of TMS
  • TMS with the accuracy demanded by brain surgeons
  • Treatment sessions personalized for the patient and his or her brain
  • Assurance the patient receives his or her prescribed dose every time
  • Unsurpassed safety and comfort

 

Why Nexstim E-Field Navigated TMS is Different?

Coil navigation assumes that the stimulation projects perpendicularly from the coil. It does not account for the refraction of the stimulating electromagnetic field caused by bone and brain matter. Nexstim’s E-field navigation takes that refraction into account. Only through visualization of the stimulating E-field it is possible to achieve the precision and accuracy necessary to confirm the right dose is being delivered to the right location.

Interested in a live demo of nTMS?

Our team of physicians, researchers, and engineers is prepared to answer your questions. If you would like to learn more or set up a virtual demonstration for your team, please contact us at info@nexstim.com

SmartFocus® nTMS — a new non-invasive, non-drug therapy for depression.

Where to Stimulate?

In depression treatment, TMS is often targeted to the  left  dorsolateral  prefrontal  cortex  (DLPFC).  PET  imaging  studies   in   patients   diagnosed   with   major   depressive   disorder (MDD) have shown lower metabolism, compared to  controls,  in  their  left  DLPFC  regions,  which  supports  the  concept  of  using  TMS  as  a  therapy  to  increase  the  excitability of the left DLPFC.1

Nexstim SmartFocus® nTMS navigation enables accurate targeting of the DLPFC.  Without neuronavigation, research shows that the correct area is only targeted in approximately 30% of patients.2 Studies show that without navigation, treatments are unintentionally being delivered on average 2 cm posterior to the DLPFC 3.

Nexstim NBS 6 with SmartFocus® nTMS uses advanced algorithms based on mathematical modeling, taking  into  account  both  the  shape  and  the  composition of each patient’s individual brain. SmartFocus® nTMS displays the location and orientation of the maximum induced E-field in a 3D rendering, built from the patient’s own MRI  head  scan.  The  multi-sphere  model  has  been  scientifically  validated  to  accurately determine  the  location  and  orientation  of  the  maximum  induced  e-field  in  the  brain  and  hence  to  target  the stimulation  to  the  intended  spot  with  accuracy  in  the  millimetre range. Without knowing the location of the maximum stimulating E-field in the brain, there is a risk of missing the target 70% of the time 2.

1 Bench C. J. et al. The Anatomy of Melancholia – Focal Abnormalities of Cerebral Blood Flow in Major Depression. Psychol Med. 1992 Aug 22;(3) 607-15.
2 Herwig U. et al. The Navigation of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Psychiatry Res. 2001 Nov 30;108(2):123-31.
3 Ahdab R. et al. Comparison of “standard” and “navigated” procedures of TMS coil positioning over motor, premotor and prefrontal targets in patients with chronic  pain and depression. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 40: 27-36.

 

 

How to Stimulate?

There are several factors affecting stimulation:

  • patient’s head shape and size
  • location of the coil
  • orientation of the coil
  • tilting angle of the coil
  • distance between target and the coil
  • coil rotation

Even if you are on target, if your TMS system is not calculating all these factors listed above, there is a very good chance that you are not, in fact, achieving optimal neuronal modulation.  Nexstim SmartFocus® nTMS takes these factors into account. In other words, it calculates the e-field location and orientation. As the operator moves, turns or tilts the coil—even slightly—the system shows the updated location, orientation, and E-field data in real time and guides the operator to find the right positioning for the coil.

Personalizing the stimulation level

The effects of TMS are always dependent on the brain’s sensitivity level to stimulation.  This state is unique for each patient but can easily be measured with Nexstim’s SmartFocus® nTMS technology by rapidly defining the patient’s resting motor threshold (MT) via the system’s integrated EMG. This gives you confidence that you are treating the intended location with a personalized dose to minimize any risk associated with overstimulation.

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Promising Initial Results: 76.2% Response Rate and 49.6% Remission Rate

Nexstim is reporting very promising clinical outcomes on depression patients treated with Nexstim nTMS. Of the first 403 patients completing treatment at clinical sites in the USA, 49.6% had achieved clinical remission and 76.2% had obtained a clinical response at end of treatment.

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After 6 months of clinical use, we are even more convinced that our decision to go with Nexstim for treatment of our patients with refractory depression, was the correct one.

Randall Solomon, MD, Island Psychiatry, New York, United States

Use of navigated rTMS has the potential for a significant increase in treatment efficacy compared to non-navigated rTMS. Navigation is specifically helpful for target stimulation over the DLPFC, but also to stimulate the various regions of the motor cortical area with anatomical and functional relevance.

Prof. JP LEFAUCHEUR, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology, Creteil – Paris Est, France

Clinical efficacy

10 Hz rTMS Stimulation protocol

The clinical efficacy and safety of 10 Hz rTMS stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the treatment of MDD has been studied in a sham-controlled multicenter clinical trial (see O’Reardon et al.*) with an overall population of 301 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria in the diagnosis of MDD. MDD episode as defined by DSM-IV involves the nearly daily presence during the same two-week period of five or more of the following symptoms:

  • Depressed mood most of the day as indicated by either subjective report or observation made by others
  • Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day
  • Significant weight loss or weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia
  • Psychomotor agitation or retardation
  • Fatigue or loss of energy
  • Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
  • Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness
  • Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.

Efficacy of the treatment was established in retrospective analysis (see Lisanby et al.**) for the outpatient group (164 patients, aged 18-70 years) who had one adequate antidepressant treatment in the current episode but failed to achieve satisfactory improvement and were moderately to severely symptomatic. Efficacy of treatment, sham or active stimulation, was measured in total change in MADRS score at 2, 4 and 6 weeks into treatment when compared to baseline level (see the figure).

*O’Reardon et al., Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2007 Dec 1; 62(11): 1208-1216. Epub 2007 Jun 14. PubMed PMID: 17573044.

**Lisanby et al., Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: clinical predictors of outcome in a multisite, randomized controlled clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Jan; 34(2):522-34. Epub 2008 Aug 13. PubMed PMID: 18704101.

Theta Burst Stimulation protocol

A multi-center clinical trial has demonstrated that the same clinical outcomes as with the 10Hz rTMS protocol can be obtained with rTMS provided in intermittent theta burst (iTBS) pattern1. The iTBS stimulation parameters used in this clinical trial and described below are the preprogrammed default iTBS stimulation parameters of the NBT system.

The safety and clinical efficacy of the 10Hz rTMS protocol (120% RMT stimulation intensity; 10 Hz frequency; 4s on and 26s off; 3000 pulses per session) has been compared to the safety and clinical efficacy of rTMS provided in iTBS pattern of triplet 50 Hz bursts repeated at 5 Hz; 2s on and 8s off; 600 pulses per session. In a multi-center non-inferiority trial of 414 patients with MDD, 205 patients were randomized to receive the 10Hz rTMS protocol and 209 the iTBS protocol, with both protocols delivered at the same site and intensity (120% RMT), differing only in stimulation pattern and total number of pulses. Treatment was provided 5 days per week for 4-6 weeks.

Both safety and efficacy data demonstrated iTBS to be non-inferior to 10 Hz rTMS for the treatment of depression.

The clinical remission and response rates at end of treatment were 32% and 49% in the iTBS and 27% and 47% in the 10Hz rTMS group (p=0.0005 for non-inferiority of iTBS). The 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores improved from 23·5 (SD 4·4) to 13·4 (7·8) in the 10 Hz rTMS group and from 23·6 (4·3) to 13·4 (7·9) in the iTBS group (adjusted difference 0·103, lower 95% CI −1·16; p=0·0011), which indicated non-inferiority of iTBS.

The most common treatment-related adverse event was headache in both groups (10 Hz rTMS: 131 [64%] of 204; iTBS: 136 [65%] of 208). There were no differences in the likelihood of adverse events between the 10Hz and iTBS group (Table 1, p>0.05 for each event type).

1 Blumberger DM et al., Effectiveness of theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression (THREE-D): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2018; 391: 1683–92

 

Indications for use and patient safety

INDICATIONS FOR USE

CE mark and FDA clearance (K170902, K182700): Nexstim NBS 6 is indicated for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in adult patients who have failed to achieve satisfactory improvement from prior antidepressant medication in the current episode.

NBS 6 THERAPY SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN TO

  1. Patients with non-removable conductive, ferromagnetic, or other magnetic-sensitive metal anywhere in the head or within 30 cm (12 in) of the stimulation coil. Examples include cochlear implants, implanted electrodes or stimulators, aneurysm clips or coils, stents, bullet fragments, ocular implants, and stents.
  2. Patients who have an active or inactive implanted device (including device leads), including deep brain stimulators, cochlear implants, cardiac pacemakers, and vagus nerve stimulators. Contraindicated use could result in serious injury or death.
  3. Patients with increased intracranial pressure or patients with intracardiac lines, intravenous pumps, or dose calculators. 

Failure to follow these restrictions could result in serious injury or death.

RISKS AND SIDE EFFECTS

Seizures (convulsions): Cortical magnetic stimulation runs the risk of inducing seizures; although they are rare. Under ordinary clinical use, the estimated risk of seizure is approximately 1 in 30 000 treatments (0.003%) or 1 in 1000 patients (0.1%). 

Headache: The most common side effects reported during clinical trials are mild headache (~50% of TMS treatment group) and scalp pain or discomfort (35.8%). In general, headache and pain on the stimulation site have been generally mild to moderate and occurring less frequently after the first week of treatment. The reason for headache may be the tension of scalp and neck muscles due to an uncomfortable and stressful situation.

Muscle Twitching:  You may feel twitches in the muscles of your arm, leg or face during the magnetic stimulation. This is a common sensation but not hazardous. The twitches will stop when the magnetic stimulation stops.

Skin Irritation:  There is a small risk of mild skin irritation at the location where the muscle electrode sensors have been placed, but this usually consists of minor redness that will go away quickly after they are removed.

Changes in hearing:  The loud “click” produced by the TMS stimulator can cause temporary hearing changes following treatment.  This is prevented by wearing soft foam ear plugs during treatment. No problems with hearing due to TMS have ever occurred when earplugs have been properly worn

INEFFECTIVE TREATMENT

There is no evidence that single therapy sessions would improve mood.  rTMS treatment effects in reducing depression are temporary, and patients may need to continue other forms of depression therapy. Relapse into depression is likely without follow-up treatment. Notify your doctor in case of worsening depression or suicidality. 

CAUTION: SPECIAL POPULATIONS

All patients must be screened for the characteristics listed in this section and excluded without clear benefit or compelling clinical reason.
The safety and effectiveness of Nexstim TMS treatment has not been established in the following patient populations:

  • Younger than 22 years or older than 70 years
  • Suicide plan or recent suicide attempt
  • History of concurrent use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
  • Depression secondary to a general medical condition or substance-induced
  • Seasonal affective disorder
  • History of substance abuse, obsessive compulsive disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder
  • A psychotic disorder, including schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or major depression with psychotic features
  • History of increased intracranial pressure or head trauma
  • Cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, ocular implants, deep brain stimulators, vagus nerve stimulators, implanted medication pumps, intracardiac lines, or significant cardiac disease
  • Pregnant or nursing

NBS 6 stimulation protocol for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD)

Pulse timing

10Hz

10 Hz bursts of 40 pulses (one burst is of 4 s duration)
One burst every 30 s, interval of 26 s
Total pulses in a sequence: 3,000
Total sequence duration:  18.8.-37.5 min

iTBS

50 Hz bursts of 3 pulses
5 burst per second, duration 2 seconds, 8 seconds interval
Total pulses in a sequence: 600
Total sequence duration:  3min 17s


Stimulation intensity

The intensity of the output of the stimulator should be set by operator to 120 % of the resting motor threshold (rMT) of the individual patient’s cortex. A patient’s rMT is determined in a two-step process.
First, single-pulse mapping of the primary motor cortex is used to find the coil location and orientation—the “hotspot”— giving the maximal EMG amplitude in the APB-muscle abductor pollicis brevis (APB) of the left thumb.
Second, targeting the hotspot, the operator uses Nexstim’s proprietary software-assisted stimulation sequence to determine the patient’s rMT. The NBS 6 software defines the rMT as the lowest level of stimulator output needed to elicit a >50 µV MEP response (peak-to-peak) in the muscle, as observed on EMG, 50% of the time from 10 stimuli.
It is important that the patient is fully relaxed during rMT finding and does not voluntarily activate (move) the hand or arm muscles.


Re-measurement of motor threshold

Re-measurement of rMT may be required if the treating physician suspects that the patient’s cortical excitability has changed. Since the patient’s individual hotspot is one of the patient’s vital parameters stored by the NBS 6, rMT re-measurement is a rapid procedure offering a reliable result for intra-patient comparison.